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The choice of 50 topics is a personal one but I have tried to keep a balance. There are everyday and advanced items, pure and applied mathematics, abstract and concrete, the old and the new.
Mathematics though is one united subject and the difficulty in writing has not been in choosing topics, but in leaving some out. There could have been ideas but 50 are enough for a good beginning to your mathematical career. Counting numbers are just that: they count real things � apples, oranges, bananas, pears. It is only later that we can count the number of apples in a box when there are none.
Even the early Greeks, who advanced science and mathematics by quantum leaps, and the Romans, renowned for their feats of engineering, lacked an effective way of dealing with the number of apples in an empty box. How did zero become accepted?
The Maya civilization in what is now Mexico used zero in various forms. A little later, the astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, influenced by the Babylonians, used a symbol akin to our modern 0 as a placeholder in his number system. As a placeholder, zero could be used to distinguish between examples in modern notation such as 75 and , instead of relying on context as the Babylonians had done. But, just as the comma comes with a set of rules for its use � there have to be rules for using zero.
In thinking of zero as a number rather than a placeholder, he was quite advanced. Brought up in North Africa and schooled in the Hindu-Arabian arithmetic, he recognized the power of 7 using the extra sign 0 combined with the Hindu symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
He had made a start but his nostrums were vague. How could zero be integrated into the existing system of arithmetic in a more precise way? Some adjustments were straightforward. Meanings were needed to ensure that 0 harmonized with the rest of accepted arithmetic. How does zero work? Adding 0 to a number leaves that number unchanged while multiplying 0 by any number always gives 0 as the answer.
Suppose the measuring rod is actually 7 units in length. We are interested in how many measuring rods we can lie along our given length. What now can be made of 0 divided by 7? If this is the case, the only possible value for a is 0 itself because if the multiplication of two numbers 8 gives 0, one of them must be 0.
Clearly it is not 7 so a must be a zero. This is not the main difficulty with zero. The danger point is division by 0. It is not permissible to get any sense from the operation of dividing 7 or any other nonzero number by 0 and so we simply do not allow this operation to take place.
In a similar way it is not permissible to place a comma in the mid,dle of a word without descending into nonsense. The 12th-century Indian mathematician Bhaskara, following in the footsteps of Brahmagupta, considered division by 0 and suggested that a number divided by 0 was infinite.
This is reasonable because if we divide a number by a very small number the answer is very large. For example, 7 divided by a tenth is 70, and by a hundredth is By making the denominator number smaller and smaller the answer we get is larger and larger. In the ultimate smallness, 0 itself, the answer should be infinity.
By adopting this form of reasoning, we are put in the position of explaining an even more bizarre concept � that is, infinity. This is not particularly illuminating but it is not nonsense either.
In fact, c can be any number and we do not arrive at an impossibility. All in all, when we consider dividing by zero we arrive at the conclusion that it is best to exclude the operation from the way we do calculations. Arithmetic can be conducted quite happily without it. What use is zero? If you're still having trouble, follow these steps to sign in.
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Los Angeles Public Library. Search Search Search Browse menu. Sign in. Description Details In this, the second volume in an important new series presenting core concepts across a range of critical areas of human knowledge, author Joanne Baker unravels the complexities of 20th-century scientific theory for a general readership.
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WebThis PDF book is become immediate popular in Science genre. 50 Physics Ideas You Really Need to Know is written by famous author Joanne Baker and Ready to . WebJul 7, �� Download 50 Physics Ideas You Really Need to Know Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle In this, the second volume in an important new series presenting core . WebGlossary Introduction When I told my friends about this book they joked that the first thing you really need to know about physics is that it is hard. Despite this, we all use .